Tactile Fractals:
A Sensory Bridge between Mathematical Abstraction and Human Perception
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30612/tangram.v9i1.19859Keywords:
Fractal Geometry, 3D Printing, Koch Curve, Inclusive Education, Tactile AccessibilityAbstract
Since ancient times, the relationship between humanity and nature has been marked by the relentless pursuit of understanding its complex patterns, which inspire both art and science. In this context, fractals emerge as mathematical representations capable of translating the self-similarity and infiniteness of natural structures. This article proposes a methodology to materialize abstract concepts of fractal geometry through 3D printing, using the Koch curve as a case study. Beyond exploring its iterative construction in 2D and 3D dimensions, the work details technical strategies to overcome challenges inherent to digital fabrication, such as preserving microscopic details at macroscopic scales. The process begins with the mathematical modeling of the curve, followed by parametric extrusion algorithms to add volume to the fractal while maintaining its scale invariance. The slicing phase, performed in Ultimaker Cura software, required precise adjustments to parameters like layer height and print speed to ensure structural integrity without compromising the resolution of iterations. Topological optimization is also highlighted to balance stiffness and lightness, essential for objects with high edge density. Beyond its technical contribution, the study emphasizes the pedagogical and inclusive potential of tactile fractals. By transforming equations into physical objects, access to concepts like fractional dimensionality and recursiveness is democratized, concepts traditionally restricted to visual representations. Preliminary tests with educational groups, including individuals with visual impairments, revealed that tactile manipulation facilitates the internalization of abstract notions, stimulating spatial reasoning and interdisciplinarity between mathematics, art, and technology. Furthermore, the materialization of the Koch curve sparks aesthetic reflections on the intersection of order and chaos, inviting sensory appreciation of patterns traditionally analyzed through purely theoretical lenses. It is concluded that the proposed methodology not only overcomes practical limitations in manufacturing three-dimensional fractals but also opens new frontiers for inclusive education in advanced mathematics. By uniting technical precision with educational functionality, this work reinforces 3D printing’s role as a bridge between abstraction and reality, expanding cognitive horizons and promoting accessibility.
Downloads
References
Adams, C., & Franzosa, R. (2007). Introduction to topology: Pure and applied. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Backes, A. R., & Bruno, O. M. (2005). Técnicas de estimativa de dimensão fractal aplicadas em imagens digitais. ICMC-USP.
Barbosa, R. M. (2005). Descobrindo a geometria fractal para a sala de aula. Autêntica Editora.
Barnsley, M. F., & Sloan, A. D. (1988). A better way to compress images. Byte Magazine, 13(1), 215-223.
Briggs, J. (1992). Fractals: The patterns of chaos. Simon & Schuster.
Cantor, G. (1884). De la puissance des ensembles parfait de points. Acta Mathematica, 4, 381-392.
Devlin, K. (1998). Life by the numbers. Wiley.
Dias, L. L. M. (2021). O uso das tecnologias no ensino de geometria: uma revisão bibliográfica (Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Piauí, Campus Floriano).
Falconer, K. (2003). Fractal geometry: Mathematical foundations and applications. Wiley.
Gibson, I., Rosen, D. W., & Stucker, B. (2010). Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing. Springer, New York, NY. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1120-9
Gleick, J. (1987). Caos: A criação de uma nova ciência. Campus.
Lederman, S. J., & Klatzky, R. L. (2009). Haptic perception: A tutorial. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71(7), 1439-1459.
Lipson, H., & Kurman, M. (2013). Fabricated: The new world of 3D printing. John Wiley & Sons.
Lorenz, E. N. (1963). Deterministic nonperiodic flow. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 20(2), 130-141.
Mandelbrot, B. B. (1967). How long is the coast of Britain? Statistical self-similarity and fractional dimension. Science, 156(3775), 636-638.
Mandelbrot, B. B. (1982). The fractal geometry of nature. W. H. Freeman.
Mossulin, Â. V. L., & Medeiros, L. F. de. (2023). O ensino de geometria fractal na educação básica: uma revisão sistemática de literatura. REMAT: Revista Eletrônica da Matemática, 9(2), e2004.
Novaes, A. de O., & Passeggi, M. da C. F. B. S. (2020). Fita de Möbius e fractal: aproximações entre representações sociais e narrativas. R. Educ. Públ., 29, e10127.
Painter, J., & Smith, R. (2016). Precision challenges in 3D-printed fractal structures. Journal of Digital Fabrication, 12, 45-59.
Peitgen, H., & Saupe, D. (1988). The science of fractal images. Springer-Verlag.
Peitgen, H.-O., Jürgens, D., & Saupe, S. (2004). Chaos and fractals: New frontiers of science. Springer.
Reis, M. V. dos. (2016). Conjunto de Mandelbrot (Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Goiás).
Santos, L. F. dos. (2018). Os diferentes infinitos na matemática (Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, Instituto de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo).
Schiavetti, M., & Kovacevic, B. (2020). Geometria esférica: o elo entre matemática e astronomia (Dissertação de Mestrado, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo).
Silva, M. D. L. (2014). Geometria Euclidiana: ensino e aplicações (Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul).
Turkle, S. (2007). Evocative objects: Things we think with. MIT Press.
Ullah, A. M. M. S., D’Addona, D. M., Seto, Y., Yonehara, S., & Kubo, A. (2021). Utilizing fractals for modeling and 3D printing of porous structures. Fractal and Fractional, 5(2), 123-145.
Vossoughi, S., & Vakil, S. (2018). Towards liberatory education : Critical pedagogies in makerspaces. Equity & Excellence in Education, 51(1), 3-18.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 TANGRAM - Revista de Educação Matemática

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Authors must accept the publication rules when submitting the journal, as well as agree to the following terms:
(a) The Editorial Board reserves the right to make changes to the Portuguese language in the originals to maintain the cultured standard of the language, while respecting the style of the authors.
(b) Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Brazil (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 BR) that allows: Share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and Adapt - remix, transform, and create from the material. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 BR considers the following terms:
- Attribution - You must give the appropriate credit, provide a link to the license and indicate whether changes have been made. You must do so under any reasonable circumstances, but in no way that would suggest that the licensor supports you or your use.
- NonCommercial - You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
- Sharing - If you remix, transform, or create from material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions - You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything that the license permits.
(c) After publication, authors are allowed and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online - in institutional repositories, personal page, social network or other scientific dissemination sites, as long as the publication is not for commercial purposes.

