Rural extension and sustainability in dairy farming: milk urea nitrogen as a tool for technical, reproductive, and environmental guidance

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30612/realizacao.v13i24.21231

Keywords:

Nitrogen use efficiency, Metabolic monitoring, Grazing systems, Reproductive performance, Technology transfer

Abstract

Dairy farming requires technical tools that assist in decision-making regarding nutritional management, milk quality, and environmental sustainability. This study aimed to evaluate metabolic-nutritional milk indicators as support instruments for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (TARE) carried out through university extension programs on farms located in the São Francisco do Caramuri community, in the transition zone between the municipalities of Manaus, Rio Preto da Eva, and Itacoatiara, Amazonas. Individual milk samples from 67 dairy cows (Girolando and crossbred) kept in extensive grazing systems were analyzed, as well as buffalo herds assisted by the extension action. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN), protein, fat, and somatic cell count (SCC) levels were determined. Cattle showed an average MUN of 18.54 mg/dL, situated at the upper limit of the reference range (10–18 mg/dL), while buffaloes showed an average of 31.03 mg/dL, indicating a possible imbalance in the dietary protein:energy ratio. Milk protein remained at 3.04% in cattle and 3.09% in buffaloes. Fat averaged 2.03% in cattle and 5.00% in buffaloes. SCC remained below the legal limit in both species. The results allowed for guiding producers on adjusting protein supplementation and continuous monitoring of quality indicators, strengthening evidence-based technical decision-making. It is concluded that the use of laboratory indicators in the context of rural extension contributes to greater nutritional efficiency, environmental sustainability, and qualification of production management in dairy systems.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ALMEIDA, R.; DOSKA, M. C.; HORST, J. A.; VALLOTO, A. A.; SANTOS, G. T.; LIMA, L. S. Associations of days open with milk urea nitrogen and other herd traits in dairy cows. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 50, p. 1-9, 2021.

BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa nº 76, de 26 de novembro de 2018. Aprova o regulamento técnico de identidade e qualidade do leite cru refrigerado. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 2018. Disponível em: https://wp.ufpel.edu.br/inspleite/files/2019/04/INSTRU%C3%87%C3%83O-NORMATIVA-N%C2%BA-76-DE-26-DE-NOVEMBRO-DE-2018-Di%C3%A1rio-Oficial-da-Uni%C3%A3o-Imprensa-Nacional.pdf. Acesso em: 20 dez. 2025.

HALLAJIAN, S.; FAKHRAEI, J.; YARAHAMDI, H. M.; KHORSHIDI, K. J. Effects of replacing soybean meal with slow-release urea on milk production of Holstein dairy cows. South African Journal of Animal Science, v. 51, n. 1, p. 53-64, 2021.

LAROCHE, J. P.; GERVAIS, R.; LAPIERRE, H.; OUELLET, D. R.; TREMBLAY, G. F.; HALDE, C.; BOUCHER, M. S.; CHARBONNEAU, P. Milk production and efficiency of utilization of nitrogen, metabolizable protein, and amino acids are affected by protein and energy supplies in dairy cows fed alfalfa-based diets. Journal of Dairy Science, v. 105, n. 1, p. 329-346, 2022.

OLMOS COLMENERO, J. J.; BRODERICK, G. A. Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, v. 89, n. 5, p. 1704-1712, 2006.

RAUCH, R.; MARTÍN-TERESO, J.; DANIEL, J. B.; DIJKSTRA, J. Dietary protein oscillation: effects on feed intake, lactation performance, and milk nitrogen efficiency in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, v. 104, n. 10, p. 10714-10726, 2021.

WEBB, E. C.; BRUYN, E. Effects of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and climatological factors on reproduction efficiency of Holstein Friesian and Jersey cows in the subtropics. Animals, v. 11, n. 11, 2021.

Published

2026-04-30

How to Cite

Silva, M. de A. da, Braz, J. M., Buchini, J. L. C., Rudek, L. dos S., Braga, C. S., Caldara, F. R., … Maciel, L. P. A. A. (2026). Rural extension and sustainability in dairy farming: milk urea nitrogen as a tool for technical, reproductive, and environmental guidance. RealizAção, 13(24), e026003. https://doi.org/10.30612/realizacao.v13i24.21231