Between pink and red: the Pink Wave and Brazil and Venezuela’s economic relations with China in the 21st century

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30612/mones.v14i27.19557

Keywords:

Pink Wave, China, Brazil, Venezuela, neoextractivism, neodevelopmentalism

Abstract

This paper analyzes how foreign direct investment (FDI) and Chinese loans/financing impacted the national development dynamics of Brazil and Venezuela during the Pink Wave (1998-2016). The analysis is divided as follows: first, a theoretical foundation is provided on neo-extractivism and neo-developmentalism. Then, the focus shifts to the 21st-century Latin American leftist groups, using the established categories to examine the contexts of Brazil and Venezuela. China's role in the Pink Wave, and its economic effects are explored in the third section. Using a multiple case study methodology with an analytical-descriptive approach, focusing on the cases of Brazil and Venezuela, the study concludes that the destination and types of FDI agreements and loans/financing articulated with China in these two Latin American countries foster a process of national productive neo-extractivization. In other words, this article argues that the flow of Chinese capital symbolizes a transnational alliance between the developmentalist-neo-extractivist state and Chinese capital, thereby promoting the radicalization of neo-extractivism.

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Author Biographies

Lucas Rocha Barbuda de Matos, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)

Master's student in International Relations at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), at the Institute of International Relations (IRI-PUC-Rio). Graduated with Academic Merit Summa cum laude in International Relations from the Pontifical Catholic University of Goiânia (PUC-GO). He was a CNPq scholarship holder for two years in the scientific initiation program at PUC Goiás, for the International Relations course, with Prof. Dr. Pedro Pietrafesa as his advisor, focusing on the relationship between China and Latin America. Organization and participation in scientific events, such as the Academic Meeting of International Relations at PUC Goiás, the Science and Technology Congress at PUC Goiás, the extension project United Visions, simulation week, among others. Former Secretary General and Academic Director of the Bertha Lutz Center for Studies and Simulations at PUC Goiás. Former Academic Director of the Sérgio Vieira de Melo Academic Center for International Relations at PUC Goiás. Former Institutional Director and Project Advisor at Pangea Consultoria Internacional, a junior company of the International Relations course at PUC Goiás. His areas of interest are International Security, Critical Security Studies, Russia and China.

Darcília do Prado Barbosa e Silva, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)

Master's student in International Relations at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), at the Institute of International Relations (IRI-PUC-Rio). Graduated in International Relations from the Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás (PUC-GO), with academic distinction summa cum laude. She served as Director of Planning and Logistics at the Sérgio Vieira de Mello Academic Center for International Relations (CARISVIM) at PUC-GO in 2021 and was part of the 2020 and 2021 management of the Bertha Lutz Center for Studies and Simulations in International Organizations, where she was Director of Communications. She was a CNPq research fellow between 2021.1 and 2022.2. Her research interests include gender studies, sexual and reproductive rights, feminist theory, and intersectionality, with a critical approach focused on power dynamics in International Relations.

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Published

2025-10-15

How to Cite

Matos, L. R. B. de, & Silva, D. do P. B. e. (2025). Between pink and red: the Pink Wave and Brazil and Venezuela’s economic relations with China in the 21st century. Monções: UFGD Journal of International Relations, 14(27), 182–208. https://doi.org/10.30612/mones.v14i27.19557

Issue

Section

Artigos dossiê “Os Processos Integração Regional e os Desafios do Século XXI: Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Direitos Humanos e Fronteiras”.