Analysis of the International Drugs Control Regime from the perspective of the Critical Theory of International Relations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30612/rmufgd.v12i23.15382Keywords:
International regime, drugs, critical theory of International RelationsAbstract
The drugs control international regime in force since 1961, following the UN drug conventions, has proven ineffective in achieving its objectives and has generated numerous social, economic and environmental impacts. Through a brief historical survey, it is possible to perceive the context and adjacent interests under which this regime was built, with US foreign policy permeated by the moralism of its internal elites one of the main reasons that led the regime to adopt a criminalizing approach. Analyzing the theme from the Critical Theory of International Relations, it is possible to see that Ideas play a central role in defining the social role of drugs and the Institutions joint to Material Capacities represent important instruments for rooting Ideas in the international system that are compatible with interests of hegemonic power. New ideas about the social role of drugs, in conflict with the criminalizing regime, have acquired nowadays and collaborated to build a more cohesive regime, however, in order to generate more effective changes, they need to be more strongly inserted in international institutions.
Downloads
References
BILGIN, P. Critical Theory. In: WILLIAMS, P. D. Security Studies: an introduction. New York: Routledge, 2008. Cap. 7, p. 89-102.
BUXTON, J. The Political Economy of Narcotics: production, consumption and global markets. Black Point: Fernwood Publishing Ltd, 2006.
COLLINS, J. The Economics of New Global Strategy. In: COLLINS, J. (Org.). Ending the Drug Wars: Report of the LSE Expert Group on the Economics of Drug Policy. London: LSE IDEAS, p. 8-15, 2014. Disponível em: < http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/56706/> Acessado em 16 de setembro de 2021.
CARVALHO, J. C. A Emergência da Política Mundial de Drogas: O Brasil e as Primeiras Conferências Internacionais do Ópio. Oficina do Historiador, v. 7, n. 1, p. 153-176, jan./jun. 2014. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.15448/2178-3748.2014.1.15927>. Acessado em 22 de outubro de 2021.
COMISSÃO GLOBAL DE POLÍTICAS SOBRE DROGAS. Guerra às Drogas. Relatório da Comissão Global de Políticas sobre Drogas, jun. 2011. Disponível em: <https://www.globalcommissionondrugs.org/reports> Acesso em: 9 de junho de 2021.
COMISSÃO LATINO-AMERICANA SOBRE DROGAS E DEMOCRACIA. Drogas e Democracia: Rumo a uma Mudança de Paradigma. Declaração da Comissão Latino-Americana sobre Drogas, março 2009. Disponível em: <https://doczz.com.br/doc/124870/drogas-e-democracia--rumo-a-uma-mudan%C3%A7a-de-paradigma>, Acesso em 16 de julho de 2021.
COX, R. Social forces, states and world orders: beyond international relations theory. Millenium – Journal of International Studies, vol. 10, n. 2, p. 126-155, 1981. Disponível em: <https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/03058298810100020501> Acesso em 13 de agosto de 2021.
DRUCKER, E. Mass Incarceration as a Global Policy Dilemma. In: COLLINS, J. (Org.). Ending the Drug Wars: Report of the LSE Expert Group on the Economics of Drug Policy. London: LSE IDEAS, p. 61-69, 2014. Disponível em: <http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/56706/> Acessado em 16 de setembro de 2021.
DRUG POLICY ALLIANCE. We are leading the way together. Relatório Anual da Drug Policy Alliance, 2015. Disponível em: <https://drugpolicy.org/resource/drug-policy-alliance-annual-report> Acesso em 9 de junho de 2021.
ESCOHOTADO, A. História general de las drogas. 7. ed. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1998.
FRAGA, P.C.P. A geopolítica das drogas na América Latina. Revista em Pauta, n. 19, p. 67-88, 2007. Disponível em: <https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/revistaempauta/article/viewFile/187/210> Acesso em 12 de agosto de 2021.
LINKLATER, A. Critical Theory and World Politics: citizenship, sovereignty and humanity. 1 ed. Nova York: Routledge, 2007.
MEJIA, D.; RESTREPO, P. Why is Strict Prohibition Collapsing? In: COLLINS, J. (Org.). Ending the Drug Wars: Report of the LSE Expert Group on the Economics of Drug Policy. London: LSE IDEAS, p. 26-32, 2014. Disponível em: <http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/56706/> Acessado em 16 de setembro de 2021.
NETO, M.; SANTOS, M.; SOBRAL, M.; PESSOA, C. A droga como dispositivo de controle social: Uma análise das representações sociais do álcool, maconha e crack na imprensa brasileira. Psicologia em Estudo, vol. 7, 2022. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.4025/psicolestud.v27i0.48860 Acesso em: 29 de setembro de 2022.
PALLEY, D. Drug Wars as a Neoliberal Trojan Horse. Latin American Perspectives, vol. 42, n. 5, p. 109-132, set. 2015. Disponível em: <https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0094582X15585117> Acesso em: 24 de maio de 2021.
POIARES, C. A. Contribuição para uma análise histórica da droga. Revista Toxicodependências, ano 5, n. 1, p. 3-12, 1999. Disponível em: <https://www.sicad.pt/PT/RevistaToxicodependencias/Paginas/revista.aspx?rid=80&rano=1999&redic=1> Acessado em 17 de agosto de 2021.
RODRIGUES, T. Narcotráfico e Militarização nas Américas: vício de guerra. Contexto Internacional, Rio de Janeiro: vol. 34, n. 1, p. 9-41, jan/jun 2012. Disponível em: <https://www.scielo.br/j/cint/a/rwTYjJdcGrnzGjx6r3n46ww/abstract/?lang=pt> Acessado em 11 de julho de 2021.
SANCHEZ, L.; SOARES, M. Conheça os países onde o porte de drogas para uso pessoal não é crime. Folha de São Paulo. São Paulo, set. 2015. Disponível em: <https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/asmais/2015/09/1671352-conheca-os-paises-onde-o-porte-de-drogas-e-liberado-para-uso-pessoal.shtml#article-aside> Acessado em 26 de fevereiro de 2021.
SAPORI, L. F. Mercado das Drogas Ilícitas e Homicídios no Brasil: Um Estudo Comparativo das Cidades de Belo Horizonte (MG) e Maceió (AL). Dados Revista de Ciências Sociais. Rio de Janeiro: vol. 63, n. 4, 2020. Disponível em: < https://doi.org/10.1590/dados.2020.63.4.223 Acessado em 27 de agosto de 2022.
SILVA, M. A. Teoria Crítica e Relações Internacionais. Contexto Internacional. Rio de Janeiro: vol. 27, n. 2, p. 249-282, jul/dez 2005. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-85292005000200001> Acessado em 20 de outubro de 2021.
SOUZA, T. S. DE. A Economia das Drogas em uma abordagem heterodoxa. Dissertação (Mestrado em Desenvolvimento Econômico) – Instituto de Economia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2015. Disponível em: https://repositorio.unicamp.br/Busca/Download?codigoArquivo=491286 Acessado em 28 de setembro de 2022.
UNODC - UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME. Analysis of Drug Markets: World Drug Report 2018. Washington: UNODC Research, 2018. Disponível em: < https://www.unodc.org/wdr2018/> Acessado em 19 de agosto de 2021.
UNODC - UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME. World Drug Report 2019: Global Overview of Drug Demand and Supply. Washington: UNODC Research, jun. 2019. Disponível em: < https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2019/> Acessado em 4 de setembro de 2021.
UNITED NATIONS. The International Drug Conventions: Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 as amended by the 1972 Protocol; Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971; United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 with final acts and resolutions. Nova Iorque, 2013. Disponível em:<https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/commissions/CND/conventions.html> Acessado em 20 de agosto de 2021.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Statement
Authors who publish in this journal accept the publication guidelines and agree to the following terms:
(a) The Editorial Board reserves the right to make changes to the originals in Portuguese to maintain the formal standard of the language, while respecting the authors' style.
(b) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional, which allows: Share — to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and Adapt — to remix, transform, and create from the material. The Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional includes the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You must do this in a reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or create from the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
(c) Authors are permitted and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online—in institutional repositories, personal pages, social networks, or other scientific dissemination sites, provided that the publication is not for commercial purposes.
