Doyle y los dilemas: sobre el retorno al colonialismo en una paz intermedia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30612/rmufgd.v12i24.16750Palabras clave:
Michael Doyle, Paz Liberal, ColonialismoResumen
La teoría de que las democracias no pelean entre sí, conocida como la Paz Liberal, ha llegado a considerarse lo más parecido a una ley empírica en Relaciones Internacionales. Las lecturas críticas muestran, sin embargo, que esta tesis está anclada en lo que Inayatullah denomina un "retorno al colonialismo": justificar las intervenciones contra Estados previamente colonizados a través de los beneficios potenciales de la injerencia externa. Aun así, se sigue defendiendo la expansión de las democracias liberales como la solución más viable a los problemas políticos actuales. ¿Cómo vuelve el liberalismo en términos tan triunfalistas? Este artículo propone la obra de Michael Doyle como punto de partida para explorar esta cuestión. Doyle es uno de los principales formuladores de la Paz Liberal, pero no la elabora como una ley empírica, sino como un dilema. Por lo tanto, este artículo moviliza una lectura derrideana para entender cómo los dilemas de Doyle informan la relación del autor con el retorno al colonialismo. Este análisis pretende dilucidar cómo posiciones aparentemente moderadas abren el camino a versiones de sí mismas que en principio serían extremas. Así, el artículo propone que el pensamiento de Doyle depende de un retorno pragmático al colonialismo: deslegitimar las experiencias no blancas para disipar las dudas sobre la Paz Liberal como única alternativa adecuada a la realidad internacional.
Descargas
Citas
AALBERTS, T. E. Rethinking the Principle of (Sovereign) Equality as a Standard of Civilisation. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, v. 42, n. 3, p. 767–789, jun. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829814543731
AFFAIRS, School of International Public. Michael Doyle, 2008. Disponível em: <https://sipa.columbia.edu/faculty-research/faculty-directory/michael-doyle>
ALMEIDA, R. DE. Trump and The Religious Right: USA, Brazil, Peru and Guatemala. 2021.
BHAMBRA, G. K. Brexit, Trump, and ‘methodological whiteness’: on the misrecognition of race and class. The British Journal of Sociology, v. 68, p. S214–S232, nov. 2017a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12317
BHAMBRA, G. K. Why are the white working classes still being held responsible for Brexit and Trump? LSE BREXIT, 10 nov. 2017b. Disponível em: <https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2017/11/10/why-are-the-white-working-classes-still-being-held-responsible-for-brexit-and-trump/>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2023
BHUTA, N. Against State‐Building. Constellations, v. 15, n. 4, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00505.x
BOURGOIS, P. A political criticism of transhumanism: The bioconservatism of Francis Fukuyama. Raisons politiques, v. 74, n. 2, p. 119–132, 24 jun. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/rai.074.0119
BUNTE, L. Identity Politics: A critical analysis of Francis Fukuyama’s thesis on the threat of identity politics to liberal democracies. 24 jun. 2022.
BURNS, T. (ED.). After History?: Francis Fukuyama and His Critics. Lanham, Md: Littlefield Adams, 1994.
CANDIDO DA SILVA LAU, N. Aprenda que não somos frágeis: colonialidade da educação pela paz e caminhos para decolonizá-la. Em: Negras escrevivências, interseccionalidades e engenhosidades: educação e políticas afirmativas/ XI COPENE - Congresso Brasileiro de Pesquisadores/ as Negros/as. Curitiba: Universidade Federal do Paraná, 2020.
DERRIDA, J. Force of Law: The “Mystical Foundation of Authority”. Em: Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice. Abingdon: Routledge, 1993.
DERRIDA, J. Limited Inc. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1988.
DERRIDA, J. Of grammatology. 1st American ed ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.
DOYLE, M. W.; SAMBANIS, N. International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis. American Political Science Review, v. 94, n. 4, p. 779–801, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2586208
DOYLE, M. W.; SAMBANIS, N. Making war and building peace: United Nations peace operations. Nova Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400837694
DOYLE, M.; MACEDO, G. C. Brazil and the future of the international mobility regime. Monções: Revista de Relações Internacionais da UFGD, v. 7, n. 14, p. 250–271, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30612/rmufgd.v7i14.9132
DOYLE, M.W. After the freedom agenda. Dissent, v. 56, n. 3, p. 107–111, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dss.0.0070
DOYLE, M.W. An international liberal community. Rethinking America’s Security: Beyond Cold War to New World Order, p.307-33, 1992
DOYLE, M.W. Empires. Nova York: Cornell Univ. Press, 1986.
DOYLE, M.W. Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs, Part 2. Immanuel Kant, p. 503–533, 1983.
DOYLE, M.W. Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs. Immanuel Kant, p. 503–533, 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315252629-22
DOYLE, M.W. Liberal peace selected essays. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203804933
DOYLE, M.W. Liberalism and World Politics. American Political Science Review, v. 80, n. 4, p. 1151–1169, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055400185041
DOYLE, M.W. Promoting Democracy Is Not Imposing Democracy, 2016a. Disponível em: <https://www.huffpost.com/entry/promoting-democracy-is-no_b_826574>
DOYLE, M.W. The Model International Mobility Convention. Columbia journal of transnational law, v. 56, n. 2, p. 219-237, 2018
DOYLE, M.W. The New Interventionism. Metaphilosophy, v. 32, n. 1‐2, p. 212–235, 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9973.00183
DOYLE, M.W. The question of intervention: John Stuart Mill and the responsibility to protect. New Heaven: Yale Univ. Press, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300172638.001.0001
DOYLE, M.W. Three Pillars of the Liberal Peace. American Political Science Review, v. 99, n. 3, p. 463–466, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051798
DOYLE, M.W. Ways of war and peace: realism, liberalism, and socialism. New York: Norton, 1997.
DU BOIS, W. E. B., The Souls of Black Folk, New York: New American Library, Inc, 1903.
FERGUSON, N. America as Empire, Now and in the Future. Text. Disponível em: <https://nationalinterest.org/article/america-as-empire-now-and-in-the-future-2390>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2023.
FERNÁNDEZ, M. O Cosmopolitismo Kantiano: Universalizando o Iluminismo. Contexto internacional, v. 36, p. 417–456, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-85292014000200004
FUKUYAMA, F. Liberalism and Its Discontents. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2022b.
FUKUYAMA, F. More Proof That This Really Is the End of History. The Atlantic, 2022a.
FUKUYAMA, F. The End of History and the Last Man. Reissue ed. edição ed. New York: Free Press, 2006.
FUKUYAMA, F. The End of History? The National Interest, n. 16, p. 3–18, 1989.
GAT, A. The return of authoritarian great powers. Foreign Aff., v. 86, p. 59, 2007.
GEIS, A. The ‘Concert of Democracies’: Why some states are more equal than others. International Politics, v. 50, n. 2, p. 257–277, 1 mar. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2013.2
GETACHEW, A. Worldmaking after empire: the rise and fall of self-determination. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691184340
GROVOGUI, S. N. Remembering democracy: anticolonial evocations and invocations of a disappearing norm. African Identities, v. 13, n. 1, p. 77–91, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14725843.2014.961282
HARAWAY, D. Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. Feminist Studies, v. 14, n. 3, p. 575–599, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3178066
HEATHERSHAW, J. Unpacking the Liberal Peace: The Dividing and Merging of Peacebuilding Discourses. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, v. 36, n. 3, p. 597–621, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298080360031101
HILL, J. Beyond the Other? A postcolonial critique of the failed state thesis. African Identities, v. 3, n. 2, p. 139–154, out. 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14725840500235381
HUTCHINGS, K. The nature of critique in critical international theory. Em: WYN JONES, R. (Ed.). Critical Theory and World Politics. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001. p. 79–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781588269577-007
IKENBERRY, G. J. The future of the liberal world order: Internationalism after America. Foreign affairs, p. 56–68, 2011.
IKENBERRY, G. J.; SLAUGHTER, A.-M. Forging a World of Liberty Under Law: US National Security in the 21st Century: Final Paper of the Princeton Project on National Security. New Jersey: Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, 2006.
INAYATULLAH, N.. The Eternal Return of Benign Colonialism, 2017. Disponível em: <https://thedisorderofthings.com/2017/10/07/the-eternal-return-of-benign-colonialism/>
JABRI, V. Peacebuilding, the local and the international: a colonial or a postcolonial rationality? Peacebuilding, v. 1, n. 1, p. 3–16, 1 mar. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2013.756253
JACKSON, R. H.; ROSBERG, C. G. Sovereignty and Underdevelopment: Juridical Statehood in the African Crisis. The Journal of Modern African Studies, v. 24, n. 1, p. 1–31, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X0000673X
KAPLAN, R. D. Supremacy by Stealth. Disponível em: <https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/07/supremacy-by-stealth/302760/>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2023.
KEMPF, A. Contemporary Anticolonialism: A Transhistorical Perspective. Em: KEMPF, A. (Ed.). Breaching the Colonial Contract. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. p. 13–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9944-1_2
KIÇMARI, S. History Continues. Em: KIÇMARI, S. (Ed.). History Continues. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. p. 5–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8402-0_2
LEVY, J. S. Domestic Politics and War. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, v. 18, n. 4, p. 653, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/204819
LIMA, M. M. C. O Direito Internacional sob governos de extrema direita: uma comparação entre as administrações de Donald Trump e Bolsonaro. Sequência (Florianópolis), v. 43, 8 jul. 2022.
MACMILLAN, J. Immanuel Kant and the democratic peace. In: JAHN, B. Classical theory in international relations, Cambridge University Press, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511491429.003
MENAND, L. Francis Fukuyama Postpones the End of History. The New Yorker, 27 ago. 2018.
MIGUEL, L. F. Despolitização e antipolítica: a extrema-direita na crise da democracia. Argumentum, v. 13, n. 2, p. 8–20, 31 ago. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47456/argumentum.v13i2.36261
MILLS, C. W. The racial contract. Twenty-fifth anniversary edition ed. Ithaca [New York]: Cornell University Press, 2022.
MUTUA, M. The Complexity of Universalism in Human Rights. Em: Human Rights with Modesty: The Problem of Universalism. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2004. p. 51–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-6172-7_3
ÖJENDAL, J.; OU, S. The ‘local turn’ saving liberal peacebuilding? Unpacking virtual peace in Cambodia. Third World Quarterly, v. 36, n. 5, p. 929–949, 4 maio 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1030387
PARIS, R. Bringing the Leviathan Back In: Classical Versus Contemporary Studies of the Liberal Peace1. International Studies Review, v. 8, n. 3, p. 425–440, 1 set. 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2006.00601.x
PARMAR, I.; FURSE, T. The Trump administration, the far-right and world politics. Globalizations, v. 0, n. 0, p. 1–15, 23 nov. 2021.
PERTWEE, E. Donald Trump, the anti-Muslim far right and the new conservative revolution. Ethnic and Racial Studies, v. 43, n. 16, p. 211–230, 10 dez. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1749688
RUSSETT, B. et al. The Democratic Peace. International Security, v. 19, n. 4, p. 164, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2539124
SCHUESSLER, J. Francis Fukuyama Predicted the End of History. It’s Back (Again). The New York Times, 10 maio 2022.
SIMPSON, G. Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511494185
TAREKE, S. G. From the end of history to the end of neo-liberalism: From Fukuyama to Fukuyama. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, v. 15, n. 4, p. 139–147, 31 out. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPSIR2020.1297
TUCK, E.; YANG, K. W. Decolonization is not a metaphor. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, v. 1, n. 1, 8 set. 2012.
WALKER, R. B. J. Inside/outside: international relations as political theory. Cambridge [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
WEBER, C. Simulating Sovereignty. Intervention, the State, and Symbolic Exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511559167
ZEHFUSS, M. Jacques Derrida. In: Jenny Edkins and Nick Vaughan-Williams (eds.), Critical Theorists and International Relations. London: Routledge, p.137-149, 2019.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
- Os autores e autoras mantêm os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 3.0 Brasil. que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores e autoras têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores e autoras têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado, porém invariavelmente com o reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
