Opposite Paths: Hegemonic Crisis and Identity Divergences between Ukraine and Russia

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30612/mones.v14i28.19032

Keywords:

Ukraine, Russia, Hegemony, Identities

Abstract

This article utilizes neo-Gramscian and constructivist frameworks to analyze the underlying causes of the Russia-Ukraine war, emphasizing both structural and identity-related factors. It examines the crisis of the International Liberal Order, the formation of Russian identity through concepts like “Russian World” (‘Russkiy Mir’) and Eurasianism, and the shifting identity of Ukraine. Through this lens, the article reveals the fundamental tensions between Russia's resistance to the Liberal Order and Ukraine's pursuit of integration into it. These tensions, shaped by deep-rooted societal structures and evolving identities, are presented as key drivers behind the conflict’s onset and its enduring ramifications.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Marcelo de Paula, Universidade de Brasília (UnB)

Bacharel em Relações Internacionais (PUC Minas), Bacharel em Ciências Econômicas (UFMG), Especialista em Estudos Africanos (PUC Minas), Mestre em Estudos de Conflitos (Universidade Hebraica de Jerusalém) e Doutorando em Relações Internacionais (UnB)

References

ACHARYA, Amitav. The end of American world order. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2014.

ALEKSIÉVITCH, Svetlana. O fim do homem soviético. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2016.

AREL, Dominique; KHMELKO, Vyacheslav. The Russian Factor and Territorial Polarization in Ukraine. The Harriman Review, vol. 9, n. 1-2, 1996, pp. 81-91.

AREL, Dominique. How Ukraine Has Become More Ukrainian. Post-Soviet Affairs, vol. 34, no. 2-3, 2018, pp. 186-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2018.1445460.

AREL, Dominique. Interpreting ‘Nationality’ and ‘Language’ in the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Post-Soviet Affairs 18, n. 3, p. 213-249, 2002.

BABIĆ, Milan. Let’s Talk About the Interregnum: Gramsci and the Crisis of the Liberal World Order. International Affairs 96, no. 3, p. 767-786, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz254.

BARKAWI, Tarak; LAFFEY, Mark. The postcolonial moment in security studies. Review of International Studies, v. 32, n. 2, p. 329–352, 2006.

BARNETT, Michael. The end of the liberal international order? Current History, v. 116, n. 786, p. 271–277, 2017.

BIDOCHKO, Lesia. Disinformation against Crimean Tatars in Russian Social Media: Communication Dynamics During the First Year of Russia’s Full-Scale Invasion of Ukraine. Journal of Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, vol. 23, n. 2, p. 81-107, 2024.

BOKOCH, Viktoriia. «Русский мир» як антиукраїнська релігійно-політична концепція. Вісник Львівського університету. Серія філософсько-політологічних студій, no. 24, 2019, pp. 134-140. https://doi.org/10.30970/2307-1664.2019.24.18.

BORDACHEV, Timofei. Europe, Russia and the Liberal World Order. London: Routledge, 2022.

BREMER, Thomas. How the Russian Orthodox Church Views the ‘Russian World’. Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe, vol. 35, no. 3, 2015, p. 43-49.

CHESKIN, Ammon; Kachuyevski, Angela. The Russian-Speaking Populations in Post-Soviet Space: Language, Politics and Identity. Europe-Asia Studies, v. 71, n. 1, p. 1-23, 2019.

CLUNAN, Anne. Russia and the Liberal World Order. Ethics & International Affaris, v. 32, n. 1, p. 45-59, 2018.

MARPLES, David. Stepan Bandera: The Resurrection of a Ukrainian National Hero. Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 58, n. 4, 2006.

FIORETOS, Orfeo; HELDT, Eugénia. Legacies and Innovations in Global Economic Governance Since Bretton Woods. Review of International Political Economy, vol. 26, n. 6, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2019.1635513.

GÖTZ, Elias; MERLEON, Camille-Renaud. Russia and the Question of World Order. European Politics and Society vol. 20, no. 2, 2019, p.133-153.

GRAEBER, David. Culture as Creative Refusal. Cambridge Anthropology, vol. 31, no. 2, 2019, p. 1-19.

GRAMSCI, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers, 1971.

HEHIR, Aidan. The permanence of inconsistency: Libya, the Security Council, and the Responsibility to Protect. International Security, v. 38, n. 1, p. 137–159, 2013.

HELLEINER, Eric. The Life and Times of Embedded Liberalism: Legacies and Innovations Since Bretton Woods. Review of International Political Economy, vol. 26, n. 6, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2019.1607767.

HOSKING, Geoffrey. Russia and the Russians: A History. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2001.

IKENBERRY, John G. After victory: institutions, strategic restraint, and the rebuilding of order after major wars. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.

IKENBERRY, John G. Power and Liberal Order: America’s Postwar World Order in Transition. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 5, no. 2, 2005, p. 133-152. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lci112.

IKENBERRY, G. John. Liberal Leviathan: the origins, crisis, and transformation of the American world order. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011.

JAHN, Beate. Liberal Internationalism: Historical Trajectory and Current Prospects. International Affairs vol. 94, no. 1, 2018, p. 43-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix231

KAPPÉLER, Andreas. The Russian Empire: A Multiethnic History. Harlow: Longman, 2001.

KOLSTØ, Pål. The New Russian Diaspora: Minority Protection in the Soviet Successsor States. Journal of Peace Research, 30(2), p. 197-217, 1993.

KOLSTØ, Pål. Russians in the Former Soviet Republic. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995.

KRAWCHENKO, Tamara. Ukraine’s Decentralisation Reforms and the Path to Reconstruction, Recovery and European Integration. LSE Public Policy Review, v. 2, n. 2, 2022.

KUBÁLKOVÁ, Vendulka, ed. Foreign Policy in a Constructed World. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2001.

KUBICEK, Paul. Regional Polarisation in Ukraine: Public Opinion, Voting and Legislative Behaviour. Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 52, n. 2, p. 273-294, 2000.

KUDORS, Andis. Russian Public Relations and Soft Power in Foreign Policy. Russian Analytical Digest, Center for Security Studies, 2010. Disponível em: https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2261072/no-81/3020121/. Accessado 13 out. 2022.

KULYK, Volodymyr. Language Identity, Linguistic Diversity, and Political Cleavages: Evidence from Ukraine. Nations and Nationalism, vol. 17, no. 3, 2011, p. 627-648.

KUPERMAN, Alan. A model humanitarian intervention? Reassessing NATO's Libya campaign. International Security, v. 38, n. 1, p. 105–136, 2013. DOI: 10.1162/ISEC_a_00126.

KUZIO, Taras. Ukrainian versus Pan-Russian Identities: The Roots of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, v. 24, n.3, p. 234-257, 2024.

LARRABEE, F. Stephen. Ukraine at the Crossroads. The Washington Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 4, 2007, p. 45-61.

LEVCHUK, Kateryna. Eurasianism: A Russian Monroe Doctrine? Dissertação (Mestrado em Relações Internacionais), Central European University, Budapeste, 2013.

LUSHNYCKY, Andrej; RIABCHUK, Mykola. Ukraine on Its Meandering Path Between East and West. Bern: Peter Lang, 2009.

MEARSHEIMER, John J. The great delusion: liberal dreams and international realities. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018.

MIELNICZUK, Fabiano. Identidade como fonte de conflito: Ucrânia e Rússia no pós-URSS. Contexto Internacional, vol. 28, no. 1, 2006, p. 223-258. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-85292006000100004.

MILLER, Alexei. The Ukrainian Question: The Russian Empire and Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century. Budapeste: Central European University, 2003.

NEFEDOVA, Tatyana. The Third Rome: Old Russian Messianism and its Post-Soviet Revival. Russian Politics & Law, v. 54, n. 1, p. 45–59, 2016.

NEIMARK, Mark. Украинский кризис и русский мир. ОБОЗРЕВАТЕЛЬ vol. 8, 2015, p. 40-49.

NORLOFF, Carla. Hegemony and Inequality: Trump and the Liberal Playbook. International Affairs vol. 94, no. 1, 2018, p. 63-88. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix262.

ONU. UN data: Population by language, sex and urban/rural residence. [S.l.]: United Nations Statistics Division, 2025. Disponível em: http://data.un.org. Acesso em: 4 abr. 2025.

ONUF, Nicholas. World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1989.

ONUF, Nicholas. Constructivism: A User’s Guide. In: KUBALKOVÁ et al (org). International Relations in a Constructed World. New York: M.E. Sharp, 1998.

PASITSELSKA, Olga. Ukrainian crisis through the lens of Russian media: Construction of ideological discourse. Discourse and Communication, v. 11, n. 6, p. 591-609, 2017.

PETERSON, John. Present at the Destruction? The Liberal Order in the Trump Era. The International Spectator, vol. 53, no. 1, 2018, p. 28-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2018.1421295.

PLOKHY, Serhii. The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. New York: Basic Books, 2021.

PLOKHY, Serhii. The Russo-Ukrainian war: the return of history. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2023.

POMERANTSEV, Peter. Preface. In: YERMOLENKO, Volodymyr (org). Ukraine in Histories and Stories. Kyiv: Ukraine World, 2019.

POPOVA, Mariia. The Position of the Russian Language in the Post-Soviet States. Alkalmazott Nyelvtudomány, v. 23, n. 2, p. 178-199, 2023.

PUTIN, Vladimir. On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians. 2021. Disponível em: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181. Acessado em 5 jul. 2024.

RAGAZZI, Mario. La invención de la debilidad del Estado colombiano en la retósfera internacional. El caso de la Unión Europeia. Dissertação (Mestrado em Relações Internacionais) Universidad de Bologna, Buenos Aires, 2002.

ROMANOVA, T. Russia’s Neorevisionist Challenge to the Liberal International Order. The International Spectator, vol. 53, n. 1. 2018, p. 76-91.

RYABCHUK, Mykola. Dvi Ukrayiny: Realni Mezhi, Virtualni Viyny [Duas Ucrânias: fronteiras reais e guerras virtuais]. Kyiv: Krytyka, 2003.

RYABCHUK, Mykola. ‘Two Ukraines’ Reconsidered: The End of Ukrainian Ambivalence? Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism vol. 15, no. 1, 2015, p. 138-156.

RIABCHUK, Mykola. Gleichschaltung: Authoritarian consolidation in Ukraine. Kyiv, K.I.S.: 2012.

SANTOS, Héric Manuel. A reformulação da política externa russa durante a presidência Putin-Medvedev. Dissertação (Mestrado em Relações Internacionais). Universidade de Lisboa, 2018.

SEGRILLO, Angelo. A Guerra da Ucrânia: Repercussões Historiográficas no Contexto da Questão Nacional. Revista Brasileira de História vol. 43, no. 94, 2023.

SEGRILLO, Angelo. O Declínio da URSS: Um Estudo das Causas. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2000.

SEVESTRE, Paul. Russia’s Civilizational Narrative: Metapolitics and Praxis. Dissertação (Mestrado em Relações Internacionais). LUISS, 2021.

SHENFIELD, Stephen. Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2001.

SHILLIAM, Robbie. Intervention and modernity: the imperialism of (liberal) peace. In: SHILLIAM, Robbie (Org.). International relations and non-Western thought: imperialism, colonialism and investigations of global modernity. London: Routledge, 2011. p. 115–129.

SMITH, Steve. Foreign Policy Is What States Make of It: Social Construction and International Relations Theory. In: Kubalková, Vendulka (org). Foreign Policy in a Constructed World,. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2001.

SNYDER, Timothy. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books, 2010.

SNYDER, Timothy. How Ukraine’s History Differs from Putin’s Version. The European Studies Council, 2022. Disponível em: https://macmillan.yale.edu/europe/stories/how-ukraines-history-differs-putins-versionAccessado em 5 jul. 2024.

STIGLITZ, Joseph E. Globalization and Its Discontents. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002.

STOKES, Doug. Trump, American Hegemony and the Future of the Liberal International Order. International Affairs vol. 94, no. 1, 2018, p. 133-150. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix238.

SUBTELNY, Orest. Ukraine: A History. 4th ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009.

SUNY, Ronald Grigor. The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993.

WAY, Lucan. The Maidan and Beyond: Civil Society and Democratization. Journal of Democracy, v. 25, n. 3, p. 35–43, 2015.

ZAVERSHINSKAIA, Polina. State’s Legitimisation of Violence through Strategic Narration: How the Kremlin Justified the Russian Invasion of Ukraine. The International Spectator, vol. 59, n. 2, p. 18-36, 2024.

ZHURZHENKO, Tatiana. A Divided Nation? Reconsidering the Role of Identity Politics in the Ukraine Crisis. Die Friedens-Warte vol. 89, n. 1/2, p. 249-267, 2014.

ZHURZHENKO, Tatiana. “Language Politics” in Contemporary Ukraine: Nationalism and Identity Formation. IWM Junior Visiting Fellows Conferences, v. 12, n. 2, Viena, 2002.

Published

2025-12-19

How to Cite

Paula, M. de. (2025). Opposite Paths: Hegemonic Crisis and Identity Divergences between Ukraine and Russia. Monções: UFGD Journal of International Relations, 14(28), 257–284. https://doi.org/10.30612/mones.v14i28.19032

Issue

Section

Articles - Miscellaneous Section