Oil as a link between South Sudan and China
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30612/rmufgd.v9i17.12050Keywords:
China. South Sudan. Oil.Abstract
This article aims at investigating the evolution of the relations between South Sudan and China having the complex triangulation among the development of the oil industry in Sudan, the process of South Sudanese independence and the Chinese energy interests in the region as the guiding thread. In order to achieve this objective, initially, the assumptions of the “State Fragility” theory, on which this article is based, will be presented and discussed. Next, the paper will describe and analyse the conditions for the development of the oil sector in Sudan, the Chinese involvement in the process of South Sudanese independence, and the decisive role China has had for the leaders of the independence movement to remain in power in the post-2011 period. Finally, the conclusion discusses the role of both the strategic commodities and China for the state consolidation of new African states.Downloads
References
ALJAZEERA. South Sudan leaders reach key deal on control of states. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/south-sudan-leaders-reach-key-deal-control-states-200617162203652.html. Acesso em: 06 de julho de 2020.
ALI, Moawia Ali Musa. China and The Conflict in South Sudan: Security and Engagement. Journal of Economic, Administrative and Legal Sciences, v. 2, n. 2, p. 111-128, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.ajsrp.com/m111217.html. Acesso em: 18 jun. 2019.
ARMED CONFLICT SURVEY. 6 Sub-Saharan Africa. v. 5, n. 1, p. 270-356, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/23740973.2019.1603979. Acesso em: 29 jun. 2019.
Arms Transfer to South Sudan. ATT Monitor, New York, 30 may. 2019. Disponível em: https://attmonitor.org/fr/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/ATT_ENGLISH_South-Sudan-Case-Study.pdf. Acesso em: 15 ago. 2019.
Atlas of Economic Complexity. Disponível em: https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/explore. Acesso em: 09 mai. 2020.
BARIGABA, Julius. Are big boys about to enter South Sudan oil territory? Russian firms lead way. The EastAfrica. Nairobi, 27 nov. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Are-big-boys-about-to-enter-South-Sudan-oil-territory/2560-4868458-23wtw4/index.html. Acesso em: 17 jun. 2019.
BP. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019. Disponível em: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf. Acesso em: 27 jul. 2019.
CNPC. Major Events: 1991-2001. Disponível em: http://www.cnpc.com.cn/en/majorevents/201405/c28a26afebbe4f7cad740a0d6ed29fe8.shtml. Acesso em: 31 jul. 2019.
DIX, Sarah; HUSSMANN, Karen; WALTON, Grant. Risks of corruption to state legitimacy and stability in fragile situations. Anti-Corruption Resource Center (U4), Making Integrity Work. n. 3, May, 2012. Disponível em: https://www.u4.no/publications/risks-of-corruption-to-state-legitimacy-and-stability-in-fragile-situations/. Acesso em: 29 ago. 2019.
EIA. Country Analysis Brief: Sudan and South Sudan. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Sudan_and_South_Sudan/sudan.pdf. Acesso em: 23 jul. 2019.
FERREIRA, Ines A. R. Defining and measuring state fragility: a new proposal. The Annual Bank Conference on Africa. Berkeley, 2015. Disponível em: http://cega.berkeley.edu/assets/miscellaneous_files/109_-_ABCA_2015_Ines_Ferreira_Defining_and_measuring_state_fragility__A_new_proposal_May15.pdf. Acesso em: 27 ago. 2019.
FERREIRA, Ines A. R. Measuring state fragility: a review of the theoretical groundings of existing approaches. Third World Quarterly, 2016. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1257907. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2019.
HANG, Zhou. China’s Emergency Relief to South Sudan. The Diplomat. 26 out. 2014. Disponível em: https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/chinas-emergency-relief-to-south-sudan/. Acesso em: 15 jul. 2019.
HODZI, Obert. The End of China's Non-Intervention Policy in Africa. CHAM: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
IDRIS, Amir. Conflict and Politics of Identity in Sudan. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
IHIRWE, Paula J.; ASEMOTA, Godwin N. O.; BIMENYIMANA, Samuel. Bilateral Trade Analyses Between China and East African Community Countries. Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research, v. 46, p. 24-32. Disponível em: https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JMCR/article/view/42508/43776. Acesso em: 21 jun. 2019.
INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP. China’s Foreign Policy Experiment in South Sudan. Asia Report nº 288. Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2017. Disponível em: https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/288-china-s-foreign-policy-experiment-in-south-sudan.pdf. Acesso em: 30 jun. 2019.
INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP. China's new courtship in South Sudan. Africa Report nº 186. Juba: International Crisis Group, 2012. Disponível em: https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/186-china-s-new-courtship-in-south-sudan.pdf. Acesso em: 30 jun. 2019.
JAMES, Laura M. Fields of Control: Oil and In-security in Sudan and South Sudan. Geneva: Small Arms Survey. 2015. Disponível em: http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/working-papers/HSBA-WP40-Oil.pdf. Acesso em: 21 jun. 2019.
JOHANSON, Daniel. China’s Soft Power in Sudan: Increasing Activity but How Effective? In: ZHANG, Xiaoling; WASSERMAN, HERMAN; MANO, Winston. China’s media and soft power in Africa: promotion and perceptions. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
KOFFI, Yobou G.; GAMA, Flavio S. 2018 African Economic Outlook Country Note. African Development Bank Group, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/country_notes/South_Sudan_country_note.pdf. Acesso em: 21 jun. 2019.
MEDNICK, Sam. After 6 years of war, will peace finally come to South Sudan? Aljazeera, Doha, 23, Fev. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/6-years-war-peace-finally-south-sudan-200223114919537.html. Acesso em: 22 mai. 2020.
MEMO, Lasuba. UN: South Sudan Peace Deal in Jeopardy, Again. Voice of America (VOA). Washington, 05 Mai. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.voanews.com/africa/south-sudan-focus/un-south-sudan-peace-deal-jeopardy-again. Acesso em: 06 mai. 2020.
NAY, Olivier. Fragile and failed states: Critical perspectives on conceptual hybrids. International Political Science Review, v. 34, n. 3, p. 326-341. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0192512113480054. Acesso em: 28 abr. 2020.
PARELLO-PLESNER, Jonas; DUCHÂTEL, Mathieu. China in deep in the oil-rich Sudans. Adelphi Papers, Adelphi Papers, v. 54, n. 451, p. 125-144, 2014. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/19445571.2014.1047147. Acesso em: 30 jun. 2019.
PATEY Luke. A Belated Boom: Uganda, Kenya, South Sudan, and prospects and risks for oil in East Africa. The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, WPM 71, May 2017.
ROBERTS, Adam. Fragile States: A Concept with a History. In: THE BRITISH ACADEMY. Rethinking State Fragility. London: The British Academy, 2015. p. 26-37. Disponível em: https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/sites/default/files/conflict-stability-rethinking-state-fragility.pdf. Acesso em: 27 ago. 2019.
UNITED NATIONS. Security Council Renews Mandate of Expert Panel Overseeing South Sudan Arms Embargo by 12 Votes in Favour, None Against, 3 Abstentions. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sc14199.doc.htm. Acesso em 06 de julho de 2020.
SERI-HERSCH, Iris. From One Sudan to Two Sudans- Dynamics of Partition and Unification in Historical Perspective. Tel Aviv Notes, v. 7, n. 13, p. 1-8, 2013. Disponível em: https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00911879. Acesso em: 04 de mai. 2020.
South Sudan rebel leader Machar returns to Khartoum. Sudan Tribune. Khartoum, 12 Ago. 2019. Disponível em: http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?iframe&page=imprimable&id_article=67932. Acesso em: 13 ago. 2019.
STEWART, Frances; BROWN, Graham. Fragile States. Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity, Oxford, Crise Working Paper nº 51, Jan. 2009. Disponível em: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fb74a3ff-c2fd-4302-82af-c9fb6cf98821/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=workingpaper51.pdf&type_of_work=Working+paper. Acesso em: 29 ago. 2019.
THE FUND FOR PEACE. Fragile States Index. 2019. Disponível em: https://fragilestatesindex.org/country-data/. Acesso em: 29 ago. 2019.
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL. Corruption Perceptions Index. 2019. Disponível em: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2019/results. Acesso em: 20 mai. 2020.
TROCO, Albano Agostinho. Determinants of Successful Secessions In Post-Colonial Africa: The Case of South Sudan. Brazilian Journal of African Studies. Porto Alegre, v. 3, n. 6, p. 55-74, jul./dec. 2018. Disponível em: https://seer.ufrgs.br/rbea/article/download/87062/52366. Acesso em: 30 jun. 2019.
WEST, Carly. China serves as a stabilizing force in South Sudan’s fragile peace. Global Risk Insights. 19 set. 2018. Disponível em: https://globalriskinsights.com/2018/09/china-stabilizing-force-south-sudan/. Acesso em: 18 jun. 2019.
XU, Hongbo. China's Influence in South Sudan: Prospects and Challenges. SSRN Eletronic Journal, Jun. 2017. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3152035. Acesso em: 21 jun. 2019.
ZHA, Daojiong. Oiling the Wheels of Foreign Policy? Energy Security and China’s International Relations. Asian Security Initiative Policy Series, Singapore, Working Paper nº 1, Mar. 2010. Disponível em: https://www.ourenergypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/MacArthur_working_paper_Zha_Daojiong.pdf. Acesso em: 14 ago. 2018.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
- Os autores e autoras mantêm os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 3.0 Brasil. que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores e autoras têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores e autoras têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado, porém invariavelmente com o reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
