The ambivalent Chinese foreign policy and the North Korea's nuclear program
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30612/rmufgd.v8i15.11543Keywords:
China, North Korea, nuclear issueAbstract
The present essay aims to analyze the China-North Korea relationship and also how the nuclear issue has contributed to shape the way chinese foreign policy is implemented in the region throughout the years. This relationship, which had its beginning marked by the Korean War, can be seen through a series of conventional thoughts that for a long time served as an explanation to the ambivalent way China has been behaving towards North Korea. Nevertheless, after more than one decade of North-Korean Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) tests, the way how the international security issues have developed made these thoughts no longer sufficient to explain the behavior of a China that now occupies a place of a great global power, and has also a lot more responsibility to the international community given the threat Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) has become.Downloads
References
ALBERT, Eleanor. The China-North Korea relationship. Council on Foreign Relations. 2017. New York. Disponível em: <https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-north-korea-relationship>. Acesso em: 29 set. 2017.
ASSOCIATED PRESS NEWS. China supports UN action on North Korea while urging talks. 7 set. 2017. Beijing. Disponível em: <https://apnews.com/8a1eb6632bd744cd8cf33e75eb85f3a9/China-supports-UN-action-on-North-Korea-while-urging-talks>. Acesso em: 12 out. 2017.
BERLINGER, Joshua. North Korea’s missile tests: By the numbers.20 out. 2017.
Disponível em: <http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/29/asia/north-korea-missile-tests/index.html>. Acesso em: 22 out. 2017.
BOODEN, Christopher. Chinese foreign minister: No winners if Korea war breaks out. Associated Press News. 15 abr. 2017. Beijing. Disponível em: <https://apnews.com/498e3a3112da4708b08b8c7088093c3c/Chinese-foreign-minister:-No-winners-if-Korea-war-breaks-out>. Acesso em: 12 out. 2017.
CHA, Victor. The meaning of China’s coal ban on DPRK. Center for Strategic and International Studies. 20 fev. 2017. Washington, D.C. Disponível em: <https://www.csis.org/analysis/meaning-chinas-coal-ban-dprk>. Acesso em: 12 out. 2017.
CHINA. Ministry of foreign affairs. Foreign ministry spokesperson GengShuang's regular press conference on february 21, 2017. Beijing.Disponível em:<http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1440264.shtml>. Acesso em: 12 out. 2017.
FENG, Zhu. Shifting tides: China and North Korea. China Security, n. 4, 2006, pp. 35-51. Disponível em: <https://www.issuelab.org/resources/435/435.pdf>. Acesso em: 5 maio 2017.
GLASER, Bonnie S. China’s Policy in the Wake of the Second DPRK Nuclear Test. China Security, v. 5, n. 2, 2009, p. 33-45. Disponível em: <https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/GlaserChinaSecurity2.pdf>. Acesso em: 14 abr. 2017.
KEOHANE, Robert O. The big influence of small allies. Foreign Policy, n. 2, 1971, p. 161-182. Disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1147864?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents>. Acesso em: 14 dez 2017.
KHAN, Sulmaan. Unbalanced Alliances. Foreign Affairs. 18 fev. 2016. Disponível em: <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2016-02-18/unbalanced-alliances>. Acesso em: 24 set. 2017.
KONG, Tat Yan. China's engagement-oriented strategy towards North Korea: achievements and limitations. The Pacific Review. 27 abr. 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316530623_China%27s_engagement-oriented_strategy_towards_North_Korea_achievements_and_limitations>. Acesso em: 5 set. 2017.
LEE, Hyeonseo. The girl with seven names. Great Britain: William Collins, 2015.
MELCHIONNA, Helena Hoppen. A questão nuclear da Coreia do Norte sob as perspectivas da China e dos EUA. 2011. 98 págs. Monografia (Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso de Relações Internacionais) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. Disponível em:
<http://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/40259/000827654.pdf?sequence=1>. Acesso em: 7 abr. 2017.
MENEGAZZI, Silvia. China’s foreign policy in northeast Asia: Implications for the Korean Peninsula. IstitutoAffariInternazionali. 2017. Roma. Disponível em: <http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaiwp1703.pdf>. Acesso em: 17 set. 2017.
RCSNU. Resolução do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas 1874 (2009).Security Council Report. 12 jun. 2009. Disponível em: <http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/NKorea%20SRES%201874.pdf>. Acesso em: 13 mar. 2017.
RCSNU. Resolução do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas 2094 (2013).Security Council Report. 7 mar. 2013. Disponível em: <http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2094.pdf>. Acesso em: 13 mar. 2017.
RCSNU. Resolução do Conselho de Segurança das Nações 2321 (2016). Security Council Report. 30 nov. 2016. Disponível em: <http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2321.pdf>. Acesso em: 13 mar. 2017.
SAVAGE, Timothy. Big brother is watching: China’s Intentions in the DPRK. China Security, (local) v. 4, n. 4, p. 53-57, 2008. Disponível em: <http://nautilus.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/copy_of_08096Savage.pdf>. Acesso em: 13 set. 2017.
SHEN, Dingli. Lips and Teeth: It’s time for China to get tough with North Korea. Foreign Policy. 13 fev. 2013. Shanghai. Disponível em: <http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/02/13/lips-and-teeth/>. Acesso em: 19 out. 2017.
SHEN, Dingli. North Korea’s Strategic Significance to China.China Security, n. 4, 2006, p. 19-34. Disponível em: <https://www.issuelab.org/resources/434/434.pdf>. Acesso em: 14 abr. 2017.
SIVELS, Ciara. An assessment of North Korea's nuclear weapons capabilities. 2013. 34 págs. Trabalho Acadêmico (Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso – Ciência Nuclear e Engenharia) – Massachusetts Institute of Technologie, Cambridge, MA. Disponível em: <http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/82450/863051465-MIT.pdf?sequence=2>. Acesso em: 2 jun. 2017.
SNYDER, Scott A. North Korea’s testing decade. Council of Foreign Relations. 07 out. 2016. New York. Disponível em: <https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/north-koreas-testing-decade>. Acesso em: 15 jul. 2017.
STANTON, Joshua; LEE, Sung-Yoon; KLINGNER, Bruce. Getting tough on North Korea. Foreign Affairs. v. 96, n. 3, 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/north-korea/2017-04-17/getting-tough-north-korea>. Acesso: 21 set. 2017.
UNITED NATIONS.Security Council imposes fresh sanctions on Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, unanimously adopting Resolution 2270 (2016). New York. 2016. Disponível em: <http://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sc12267.doc.htm>. Acesso em: 13 mar. 2017.
VIZENTINI, Paulo Fagundes; PEREIRA, Analúcia Danilevicz.A discreta transição da Coreia do Norte: diplomacia de risco e modernização sem reforma. Rev. Bras. Polít. Int. v. 57, n.2, p. 176-195, 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbpi/v57n2/0034-7329-rbpi-57-02-00176.pdf>. Acesso em: 5 set. 2017.
WANG, Tianyi. Small State, Big Influence: China’s North Korea Policy Dilemma. Georgetown Journal of Asian Affairs, p. 5-27, Fall-Winter 2014. Disponível em: <https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/712752/GJAA%201.1%20Wang.pdf;sequence=1>. Acesso em: 14 abr. 2017.
WELCH, David A. Paralyzed by Pyongyang. Foreign Affairs. 8 fev. 2016. Disponível em: <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2016-02-08/paralyzed-pyongyang>. Acesso em: 21 set. 2017.
ZANELLA, Cristine Koehler. Pressões intransferíveis: uma análise do funcionamento interno das sanções econômicas. Conjuntura Austral. Vol. 2, n. 3-4, p. 79-91, 2011. Disponível em: <http://seer.ufrgs.br/ConjunturaAustral/article/view/18454>. Acesso em: 7 nov. 2017.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Statement
Authors who publish in this journal accept the publication guidelines and agree to the following terms:
(a) The Editorial Board reserves the right to make changes to the originals in Portuguese to maintain the formal standard of the language, while respecting the authors' style.
(b) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional, which allows: Share — to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and Adapt — to remix, transform, and create from the material. The Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional includes the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You must do this in a reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or create from the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
(c) Authors are permitted and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online—in institutional repositories, personal pages, social networks, or other scientific dissemination sites, provided that the publication is not for commercial purposes.
