Atlantic slavery in the 19th century: constructing "the international" on the sea
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30612/rmufgd.v8i15.11548Keywords:
Atlantic slavery, Historical Sociology, Post- and Decolonial Studies.Abstract
This paper aims to bring the transatlantic trade of enslaved people to the centre of the historical and theoretical debates in IR, especially those regarding the formation and evolution of the international system of sovereign states. This movement takes place in two fundamental steps. Firstly, we promote this discussion within the terms provided by the English School, as the theoretical tradition that is more openly dedicated to the historical evolution of international politics. We demonstrate, through this critical engagement, the disciplinary silence about transatlantic enslavement as a “primary institution” of “international society”. In a second moment, we evaluate the theoretical consequences of including the trade in human beings and the exploitation of their coerced labor among the primary institutions that shape international Society. We question whether such inclusion is sufficient to unmake the “constitutive silence” represented by Atlantic slavery in the discipline, and whether this inclusion effectively reforms the Eurocentric premises of the English School. From these questions, we offer an epistemological reflection on the historiograhpy of IR that points toward a deeper dialogue between history and theory, building upon recent developments on the literatures on Historical Sociology and Post-/Decolonial thought.
Downloads
References
AALBERTS, Tanja E.. “Rethinking the Principle of (Sovereign) Equality as a Standard of Civilisation.” Millennium: journal of international studies 42 (3), special issue, p. 767-789, 2014.
ALENCASTRO, Luiz Felipe de. O Trato dos Viventes: formação do Brasil no Atlântico Sul. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2000.
ALONSO, Angela. Flores, Votos e Balas: o movimento abolicionista brasileiro (1868-88). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2015.
ANIEVAS, Alexander; NISANCIOGLU, Kerem. How The West Came to Rule: The Geopolitical Origins of Capitalism. London: Pluto Press, 2015.
BALES, Kevin. Disposable People: new slavery in the Global Economy. Berkley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999.
BARTELSON, Jens. A Genealogy of Sovereignty. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
BHAMBRA, Gurminder. Rethinking Modernity: Postcolonialism and the Sociological Imagination. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
BLACKBURN, Robin. The Making of New World Slavery: from the Baroque to the Modern, 1492 - 1800. London: Verso, 1997.
______________. Por Que Segunda Escravidão? In: MARQUESE, Rafael; SALLES, Ricardo (ed).: Escravidão e Capitalismo Histórico no Século XIX: Cuba, Brasil, Estados Unidos. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2016, p. 13-54.
BRAUDEL, Fernand. O Mediterrâneo e o Mundo Mediterranico na época de Filipe II. Lisboa: Martins Fontes, 1983.
________________. Memórias do Mediterrâneo: pré-história e antiguidade. Rio de Janeiro: Multi Nova Distribuidora de Livros Ltda., 2001.
________________. Civilização Material, Economia e Capitalismo, séculos XV-XVIII. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2009.
Bull, Hedley. The anarchical society: a study of order in world politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
___________. The Revolt Against the West. In: BULL, Hedley; WATSON, Adam (ed) The Expansion of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984, p. 217-228.
BULL, Hedley; WATSON, Adam. The Expansion of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
BURCHILL, Scott. Liberalism. In: BURCHILL, Scott et al. (ed).: Theories of International Relations. New York: Palgrave, 1996, p. 29-69.
BURKE, Peter. A Escola dos Annales (1929-1989): a revolução francesa da historiografia. São Paulo: Editora da UNESP, 2010.
BUZAN, Barry; LITTLE, Richard. World History and the Development of non-Western International Relations Theory. In: ACHARYA, Amitav; BUZAN, Barry. Non-Western International Relations Theory: perspectives on and beyond Asia, p.197-220. London: Routledge, 2010.
CAMPBELL, David. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992.
_______________. National Deconstruction: Violence, Identity and Justice in Bosnia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
CARVALHO, José Murilo de. As Batalhas da Abolição. In: CARVALHO: José Murilo de (ed.) Pontos e Bordados: escritos de história e política. Belo Horizonte: Ed. UFMG, 1998a, p. 35-64.
_______________. Escravidão e Razão Nacional. In: CARVALHO: José Murilo de (ed.) Pontos e Bordados: escritos de história e política. Belo Horizonte: Ed. UFMG, 1998b, p.65-82.
CLARK, Ian. Legitimacy in International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
CONNERY Christopher L. “Ideologies of land and sea: Alfred Thayer Mahan, Carl Schmitt, and the shaping of global myth elements”. In: Boundary 2 28(2), pp.173–201, 2001.
COX, Michael; DUNNE, Tim; BOOTH, Ken (eds). Empires, Systems and States: great transformations in International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
COX, Robert. “Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory” in Millennium: journal of International Relations, 10 (2), 1981: 126-155.
DAVIS, David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
DOTY, Roxanne Lynn. “The Bounds of “Race” in International Relations.” Milleniun: Journal of International Relations. 22 (3) p. 443-461, 1993.
DUNNE, Tim; REUS-SMIT, Christian. “Introduction”. In: DUNNE, Tim; REUS-SMIT, Christian. The Globalization of International Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017a, p. 3-17.
_________________(ed.). The Globalization of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017b.
DUZGUN, Eren. “Against Eurocentric Anti-Eurocentrism: International Relations, Historical Sociology and Political Marxism” in Journal of International Relations and Development, 2018, disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-018-0146-0
EPSTEIN, Charlotte. Against International Relations Norms: Postcolonial Perspectives. London, Routledge, 2017.
GILROY, Paul. O Atlântico Negro: modernidade e dupla consciência. São Paulo: Editora 34, 2012.
GONG, Gerrit W. The Standard of ‘Civilization’ in International Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.
GRAHAM, Richard. Britain & the Onset of Modernization in Brazil (1850-1914). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.
JAHN, Beate. Liberal Internationalism: Theory History, Practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
JOHNSON, Walter. River of Dark Dreams: slavery and Empire in the cotton kigdom. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013.
JOLL, James. Europe Since 1870: an international history. London: Penguin Books, 1992.
KARP, Matthew. This Vast Southern Empire: slaveholders at the helm of American foreign policy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.
KEENE, Edward. Beyond The Anarchical Society: Grotious, colonialism and order in world politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
______________. A Case Study of the Construction of International Hierarchy: British Treaty-Making Against the Slave Trade in the Early Nineteenth Century. International Organization 61 (2), p. 311-339, 2007.
______________. The Standard of ‘Civilisation’, the Expansion Thesis and the 19th-century International Social Space. Millennium: journal of international studies 42 (3), special issue, p.651-673, 2014.
KISSINGER, Henry. Diplomacia. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Francisco Alves, 1997.
LACHER, Hannes. Putting the state in its place: the critique of state-centrism and its limits in Review of International Studies, 29 (4), p. 521-541, 2003.
LINEBAUGH, Peter; REDIKER, Marcus. The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic. Boston: Beacon Press, 2013.
LINKLATER, Andrew. Violence and Civilization in the Western State-System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
________________. Process Sociology, the English School and Postcolonialism – Understanding ‘civilization’ and World Politics: A Reply to the Critics. In: Review of International Studies, 43 (4), p. 700-719, 2017.
LINKLATER, Andrew; SUGANAMI, Hidemi. The English School of International Relations: a contemporary reassessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
LOSURDO, Domenico. Liberalism: A Counter-History. London: Verso, 2014.
MACKINDER, Halford. The Geographical Pivot of History. In: The Geographical Journal, 23 (4), 1904: 421-437.
MARQUESE, Rafael; SALLES, Ricardo. A Escravidão no Brasil Oitocentista: história e historiografia. In: MARQUESE, Rafael; SALLES, Ricardo: Escravidão e Capitalismo Histórico no Século XIX: Cuba, Brasil, Estados Unidos. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2016, 99-162.
MATIN, Kamran, Redeeming the universal: Postcolonialism and the inner life of Eurocentrism in European Journal of International Relations, 19, p.353-377, 2013.
MATOS, Francisco. Carl Schmitt on the move: spatial politics and the sacrifice of the sea. Tese de Doutorado, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, PUC-Rio. Orientador: Prof. Jimmy Casas Klausen. 2019.
MAYBLIN, Lucy. Never Look Back: political thought and the abolition of slavery Cambridge Review of International Affairs 26(1), p.93-110, 2013.
NEILSON, Brett; ROSSITER, Ned. Precarity as a Political Concept, or, Fordism as Exception. In: Theory, Culture & Society, 25 (7-8), p. 51-72, 2008.
OSIANDER, Andreas. Before the State: systemic political change in the West from the Greeks to the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
PINHEIRO, Letícia; MILANI, Carlos R. S. (orgs.). Política Externa Brasileira: as práticas da política e a política das práticas. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV, 2012.
POST, Charles. The American Road to Capitalism: Studies in Class-Structure, Economic Development and Political Conflict, 1620-1877. Leiden: Brill, 2011.
RANDAL, J. G.; DONALD, David. The Civil War and Reconstruction. Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1961.
REUS-SMIT, Christian. Individual Rights and the Making of International System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
___________________. Struggles for Individual Rights and the Expansion of the International System. International Organization 65 (2), p. 217-242, 2011.
___________________. The Moral Pourpose of the State: culture, social identity, and institutional rationality in International Relations. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999.
ROSENAU, James. The Study of World Politics – Volume 1: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges. London: Routledge, 2006a.
________________ The Study of World Politics – Volume 2: Globalization and Governance. London: Routledge, 2006b.
ROSENBERG, Justin. The Empire of Civil Society. London: Verso, 1994.
SALGADO, Pedro. Historia, agencia y eurocentrismo en la Escuela Inglesa. In: Relaciones Internacionales 41: 33-52, 2019a;
________________ Agency and geopolitics: Brazilian formal Independence and the problem of Eurocentrism in international historical sociology. Cambridge Review of International Affairs: disponível em: DOI 10.1080/09557571.2019.1638343, 2019b.
SCHMITT, Carl. The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum. New York: Telos Press Publishing, 2003.
SCHMITT, Carl. Land and Sea: A World-Historical Meditation (trans. Zeitlin SG). Candor, NY, Telos Press, 2015.
SCHULZ, Carsten-Andreas. Civilisation, Barbarism, and the Making of Latin America’s Place in 19th-Century International Society. In: Millennium: journal of international studies, 42 (3), p. 837-859, 2014.
SETH, Sanjay. Postcolonial Theory and the Critique of International Relations. In: Millennium: journal of international studies, 40 (1), p.167-183, 2011.
SHILLIAM, Robbie. The Atlantic as a Vector of Uneven and Combined Development. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 22:1, p. 69-88, 2009.
_________________. Intervention and Colonial-Modernity: decolonizing the Italy/ Ethiopia conflict through Psalms 68:31. Review of International Studies 39, p. 1131-1148, 2013.
SCHULZ, Carsten- Andreas. Civilisation, Barbarism and the Making of Latin America’s Place in 19th-Century International Society. In: Millennium: journal of international studies 42 (3), special issue, p. 837-859, 2014.
SILVA, Alberto da Costa e. Um Rio Chamado Atlântico: a África no Brasil e o Brasil na África. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 2003.
SIMPSON, Gerry. Great Powers and Outlaw States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.STANDING, Guy. The Precariat: the new dangerous class. New York: Bloomsbury, 2011.
STROIKOS, Dimitrios. Introduction: rethinking the standard(s) of civilization(s) in International Relations. In: Millennium: Journal of International Studies 42 (3), special issue, p. 546-556, 2014.
TANSEL, Cemal Burak. Deafening Silence? Marxism, international historical sociology and the spectre of Eurocentrism. In: European Journal of International Relations, 21 (1), p. 76-100, 2015.
THAKUR, Vineet; DAVIS, Alexander E.; VALE, Peter. “Imperial Mission, ‘Scientific’ Method: an Alternative Account of the Origins of IR”. In.: Millenium: Journal of International Studies, 46(1), P. 3-23, 2017.
THOMSON, Janice E. Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns: State-Building and Extraterritorial Violence in Early Modern Europe. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1994.
TOMICH, Dale. Through the Prism of Slavery: Labour, Capital, and World Economy. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2004.
VAINFAS, Ronaldo: Ideologia e Escravidão: os letrados e a sociedade escravista no Brasil colonial. Editora Vozes: Petrópolis, 1986.
VAUGHAN-WILLIAMS, Nick, “International Relations and the Problem of History”. In.: Millenium: Journal of International Studies 34 (1), p.115-136, 2005.
VINCENT, R. J. Racial Equality. In: BULL, Hedley; WATSON, Adam. The Expansion of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984, p. 239-254.
VITALIS, Robert. White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015.
WALLERSTEIN, Immanuel. World-System Analysis: an introduction. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.
WALTZ, Kenneth, Anarchic Orders and Balances of Power. In: KEOHANE, Robert, O. Neorealism and its critics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
WEAVER, Ole. Four meanings of international society: a trans-Atlantic dialogue. In: ROBERSON, B. A. (ed) International Society and the Development of International Relations Theory. New York: Continuum, 2002, p. 80-144.
WEBER, Cynthia. Simulating Sovereignty: Intervention, the State, and Symbolic Exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
WELSH, Jennifer. Empire and Fragmentation. In: DUNNE, Tim; REUS-SMIT, Christian. The Globalization of International Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, p.145-164.
WILLIAMS, Eric. Capitalism and Slavery. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1944.
YAMATO, Roberto Vilchez. Rastreando o Fora-da-Lei da Humanidade: Um estudo sobre a Política Internacional de Banimento a partir de Memorandos Norte-Americanos da “Guerra Contra o Terror”. Tese de Doutorado, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, PUC-Rio. Orientador: Prof. João Pontes Nogueira. Disponível em: https://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/37977/37977_1.PDF, 2011.
YAMATO, Roberto Vilchez. Beyond the line: Carl Schmitt and the constitutive outsider of the international. Politics 39(2), pp. 218-232, 2019.
YAMATO, Roberto Vilchez. Reading Schmitt from the sea: tracing constitutive outsiders and displacing the conceptual order (and ordering) of the political. DADOS – Revista de Ciências Sociais, 2020 (no prelo).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
- Os autores e autoras mantêm os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 3.0 Brasil. que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores e autoras têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores e autoras têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado, porém invariavelmente com o reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
