The Trilateral and the upsurge of the Patent Prosecution Highway:

New model towards a world patent?

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30612/rmufgd.v12i23.16351

Keywords:

Intellectual Property, Harmonization, Shared Hegemony

Abstract

Until the entry into force of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS), different regimes coexisted in different countries, resulting in a reasonable degree of asymmetry of rights, especially in the field of pharmaceutical patents. After TRIPS, the world changed and paved the way for new patent harmonization initiatives, mainly through the so-called Trilateral countries (Europe, United States and Japan), inaugurating a movement of “shared hegemony”. It is in this context that the so-called Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH) arises, a type of priority procedure resulting from a project called cooperation for the reuse of search and examination reports from one patent office by another. The question that arises in the article is: to what extent does the PPH constitute a model for a worldwide patent? From a critical historical method, this article works with the hypothesis that the PPH, in itself, does not constitute a world patent, but that it is considered by different entities within the international patent system as a step towards this end. Four main arguments are presented. The article concludes that one of the reasons for avoiding the adoption or not of the PPH, the distrust of patent offices has gradually fallen and that the PPH can be considered a slow but steady step in a process that moves towards a scenario of concentration of patentability decisions in a few patent offices.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Fernando Cassibi de Souza, Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial

Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial

Alexandre Guimarães, Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial

Doutor em Biotecnologia Vegetal pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (2003)
Pesquisador em Propriedade Industrial do Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, Brasil

Diego Boschetti Musskopf, Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial

Doutor em Políticas Públicas, Estratégias e Desenvolvimento pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (2017)

References

AHLERT, Ivan B. A internacionalização das patentes: o PLT e as novas propostas para o PCT. Revista da ABPI nº 51. Mar/Abr 2001.

AHLERT, Ivan B. A Patente Mundial e o INPI. 18 de julho de 2002. Disponível em: https://ids.org.br/a-patente-mundial-e-o-inpi/. Acesso:29 out 2020.

ARRIGHI, Giovanni. O longo século XX; Dinheiro, poder e as origens do nosso tempo. Editora Contraponto, 2013

ASSMANN, Hugo. A Trilateral: Nova Fase do Capitalismo Mundial. Editora Vozes, ano 1979.

BIRBECK, Carolyn Deere. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): a Reference Guide. Edward Elgar Publishing. Cheltenham:Northhaptom, 2016.

BRAENDLI, P. Trilateral Co-operation EPO-USPTO-JPO 1983-1985 and Associated Projects of the EPO. World Patent Information. Vol. 8, No 2, 1986.

BRASIL. Câmara dos Deputados. Centro de Estudos e Debates Estratégicos. A revisão da lei de patentes: inovação em prol da competitividade nacional. Brasilia, 2013.

BRUSCA, Isabel; CAPERCHIONE, Eugenio; COHEN, Sandra; ROSSI; Francesca Manes. Public Sector Accounting and Auditing in Europe: the Challenge of Harmonization. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

CLPI. Sistema Mundial de Patente será prejuízo certo para países pobres, diz pesquisador. Ano I. Edição 18. 25 de maio de 2010. IN: https://cloud.cnpgc.embrapa.br/clpi/sistema-mundial-de-patente-sera-prejuizo-certo-para-paises-pobres-diz-pesquisador/. Acesso : 29 out 2020.

CORREA, Carlos. Formulating Effective Pro-development National Intellectual Property Policies. IN: BELLMANN, Christophe, DUTFIELD, Graham, MELÉNDEZ-ORTIZ, Ricardo. Trading in Knowledge. Development Perspectives on Trips, Trade and Sustainability.ICTSD, 2003.

DE CARVALHO, Nuno Pires. The TRIPS Regime of Patents and Test Data. Kluwer Law International, 2017.

DE NEGRI, Fernanda; ZUCOLOTO, Graziela; MIRANDA, Pedro. KOELLER, Priscila. RAUEN, André; SZIGETHY, Leonardo. Redução Drástica na Inovação e no Investimento em P&D no Brasil: o que dizem os indicadores da pesquisa de inovação 2017. Nota Técnica nº 60. Diretoria de Estudos e Políticas Setoriais de Inovação e Infraestrutura. IPEA, Abril de 2020.

DEERE-BIRKBECK, Carolyn. Developing countries in the global IP system before TRIPS: the political context for the TRIPS negotiations. IN: CORREA, Carlos M. Research Handbook on the Protection of Intellectual Property under WTO Rules. Volume I. Edward Elgar, UK, 2010.

DIMAGGIO, Paul. POWELL, Walter. The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizatinal Fields. IN: American Sociological Review, 1983, Vol 48.

DRAHOS, Peter. “Trust me”: Patent Offices in developing countries. November, 2007.

DRAHOS, Peter. Cooperation, trust and risk in the world`s major patent offices. Science and Public Policy, 36. October, 2009.

DRAHOS, Peter. The Global Governance of Knowledge: Patent Offices and their Clients. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

EPO. The history of the EPO. Disponível em: https://www.epo.org/about-us/timeline.html#year19831987. Acesso : 02 set 2019.

EPO. Scenarios for the Future. 2007. Disponível em: https://www.kipo.go.kr/club/file.do?attachmentId=9931. Acesso: 25 set 2022.

FIVE IP Offices. Disponível em: https://www.fiveipoffices.org/material. Acesso: 11 março 2020.

FRANCIS, Davis. Protection and Quality of Patents (The Harmonization of International Patent Systems). Working Paper. Patent Law. Society of International Economic Law. Biennial Conference. Washington College of Law. 12-14th July 2018.

GANDELMAN, Marisa. Poder e conhecimento na economia global. Editora Civilização Brasileira, 2004

GOLDSMITH, Delvalle. Proposed International Patent Cooperation Treaty. IN: American Bar Association Journal, Vol. 55, No 10. October 1969, pp. 955-959.

GRAIN. WIPO Moves Toward “World” Patent System. July 2002. Disponível em:

https://www.grain.org/system/old/docs/wipo-patent-2002-en.pdf. Acesso: 02 out 2019.

GRUBB, Philip W. The Trilateral Cooperation. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 2007, Vol 2. Nº 6.

GUIMARÃES, Reinaldo. O PPH e a Indústria Nacional. Disponível em: http://www.abifina.org.br/revista_facto_materia.php?id=579. Revista Facto. Jul-Ago, 2015. Acesso:28 out. 2020.

HOEVELER, Rejane. Hegemonia compartilhada e organizações internacionais: a proposta trilateralista dos anos 1970. Revista Carta Internacional, Belo Horizonte, v. 12, n. 2, 2017, p.55-75

HARBERS, Michael J. Patent Cooperation. IN: Stanford Law Review, Vol 20. No 5. May 1968. Pp. 1000-1029.

INPI. ProjetoPiloto Patent Prosecution Highway. Última modificação em 19 de março de 2020A. Disponível em: http://antigo.inpi.gov.br/menu-servicos/patente/projeto-piloto-pph. Acesso: 31 out 2020.

INPI. Patent ProsecutionHighway. Última modificação em 07 de maio de 2020B. Disponível em: http://antigo.inpi.gov.br/pph. Acesso: 31 out2020.

INPI. Trâmite prioritário. Última modificação em 29 de abril de 2020C. Disponível em: http://www.inpi.gov.br/menu-servicos/patente/exame-prioritario. Acesso: 31 out 2020.

INPI. Atividades Bilaterais, Regionais e Multilaterais. Atualizado em 8 de outubro de 2020D. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/inpi/pt-br/uso-estrategico-da-pi/relacoes-e-parcerias-internacionais/atividades-bilaterais-regionais-e-multilaterais. Acesso: 31 out 2020.

IP WATCH. WIPO Members Debate Reduction of PCT Fees; Send Back PPH Proposal. 25/05/2013.Disponível em: https://www.ip-watch.org/2013/05/25/wipo-members-debate-reduction-of-pct-fees-send-back-pph-proposal/. Acesso:26 maio 2020.

IP WATCH. WIPO Rediscovers Consensus as Delegates Agree PCT Amendments. 14/0/2014. https://www.ip-watch.org/2014/06/14/wipo-rediscovers-consensus-as-delegates-agree-pct-amendments/. Acesso:26 maio 2020.

JANNUZZI, Anna Haydé Lanzillotti. VASCONCELLOS, Alexandre Guimarães. Quanto custa o atraso na concessão de patentes de medicamentos para a saúde no Brasil. Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 2017.

Japan Patent Office. Disponível em: https:/www.jpo.go.jp/e/. Acesso em: 08 ago 2019.

JPO. Introduction to Patent Prosecution Highway. Apresentação pdf. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/mdocs/en/wipo_ip_ryd_13/wipo_ip_ryd_13_www_258896.pdf. Acesso: 17 junho 2019.

KEOHANE, Robert O. After Hegemony. Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton University Press. New Jersey, 1984.

KEOHANE, Robert O. Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World. Routledge, London and New York, 2002.

LEONARDOS, Gustavo S. Tendencia a la Patente Internacional. Revista da ABPI. Nº 52. Mai/Jun 201.

LERNER, Josh. 150 Years of Patent Office Practice.NBER Working Paper Nº 7477. January 2000.

LONDON ECONOMICS.Patent Backlogs and Mutual Recognition. January, 2010.

MATTHEWS, Duncan. Globalizing Intellectual Property Rights: the TRIPs Agreements. Routledge. London and New York. 2002.

MAY, Christopher. The World Intellectual Property Organization: Resurgence and the Development Agenda. Routledge, 2007.

MENDES, Dany Rafael Fonseca; PINHEIRO, Adalberto Amorim; DE OLIVEIRA, Michel Angelo Constantino; CORREA Cecília Barbosa Macedo. A integração formal do PatentProsecutionHighway (PPH) no âmbito do PatentCooperationTreaty (PCT): uma análise juseconômica. Ano 52 Número 206 abril/junho de 2015. Disponível em: https://www12.senado.leg.br/ril/edicoes/52/206/ril_v52_n206_p317.pdf. Acesso: 17 jun 2019.

MERRILL, Stephen A; LEVIN, Richard C. MYERS, Mark B. A patent System for the 21st century. Committee on Intellectual Property Rights in the Knowledge-Based Eonomy. Board on Science, Technology and Economic Policy. National Research Council. The National Academies Press, 2004.

MOHANTY, NaliniKanta. The advantage/ disadvantage of the harmonization of the patent system. Final Report in fulfillment of the Long-Term Research Fellowship sponsored by the Japan Patent Office, March, 2008. Disponível em: http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/mohanty_report_oct_mar_2008.pdf. Acesso em:28 out 2020.

MUSSKOPF, Diego. What Japan can teach us about PPH: Important Features extracted from Questionnaire Survey. Adviser: Prof. Yoshitoshi Tanaka. Tokyo Institute of Technology – Japan. 2012.

MUSSKOPF, Diego Boschetti. TANAKA, Yoshitoshi; BRAGA JUNIOR, Edi de Oliveira; ANTUNES, Adelaide Maria S. PEÇANHA, Rockfeller Maciel. Como funciona o PatentProsecutionHighway. Revista Economia & Tecnologia (RET) Volume 10, Número 3, Jul/Set 2014.

MUSSKOPF, Diego Boschetti. Estudo sobre o projeto-piloto de uniformização da petição e avaliação dos requerimentos de trâmite prioritário de processo de patente no INPI. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, 2019.

NYE, Jr. Joseph S. Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs, New York, 2004.

United States Patent and Trademark Office. Disponível em: https://www.uspto.gov.br. Acesso: 08 de ago de 2019.

Patent Prosecution Highway Portal Site. Sem ano. Disponível em: https://www.jpo.go.jp/e/toppage/pph-portal/index.html. Acesso em:14 junho 2020.

ROCHA DE SOUZA, Allan. DA COSTA, Franklin Rodrigues; LINDOSO, Vania. Ameaça nas patentes. O Globo. 2011. Disponível em: http://www6.ensp.fiocruz.br/visa/?q=node/5525. Acesso: 29 out 2020.

SELL, Susan. Private Power, Public Law: the Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights.Cambridge University Press, 2003.

SEIFERT, Anneliese M. Will the United States Take the Plunge into Global Patent Law Harmonization? A Discussion of the United States' Past, Present, and Future Harmonization Efforts. IN:6 MARQ. INTELL. PROP. L. REV. 173, 173 (2002).

STACK, Alexander James. International Patent Law: Cooperation, Harmonization and an Institutional analysis of WIPO and the WTO. Thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Juridical Science. Graduate Department of the Faculty of Law. University of Toronto. 2008.

TAKENAKA, Toshiko. Patent Law and Theory: a Handbook of Contemporary Research. Edward ElgarPublishing, 2009.

TRILATERAL. Sem ano. Disponível em: https://www.trilateral.net/index. Acesso: 08 ago 2019.

TRILATERAL. Summaryofthe 24th Trilateral Conference. Tokyo, 17 November 2006. Disponível em: https://www.trilateral.net/wcm/connect/trilateral/a4bccc3d-2f7b-4b1a-aca8-eadc9e6e242e/2006.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=. Acesso: 18 maio 2020.

YU, Peter K. The Trust and Distrust of Intellectual Property Rights. In: Revue Québécoise de droit international, volume18-1, 2005. pp. 107-140

WIPO. Agenda developments of the international patent system. Thrirty-Sixth Series of Meetings. Geneva, September 24 to October 3, 2001. Document A/36/14. August 6, 2001.

WIPO. Assemblies of the Member States of WIPO. Thirty-Seventh Series of Meetings. Geneva, September 23 toOctober 1, 2002. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=2270. Acesso: 03 out 2019.

WIPO. Assemblies of the Member States of WIPO. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Strategy of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Fifty-Fourth Series of Meetings. Geneva, September 22 to 30, 2014. June 23, 2014. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/govbody/en/a_54/a_54_ref_a_54_inf_5.pdf. Acesso: 10 jan 2021.

WIPO. Curso de ensino à distância sobre o PCT. Introdução ao Tratado de Cooperação em matéria de Patentes. Curso DL 101P20. Edição de janeiro a novembro de 2020.

WIPO. Le systèmeinternational de brevets en 2004. Revue annuelle du PCT. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_901_2004.pdf. Acesso: 02 sete 2019.

WIPO. Methodology for the Development of National Intellectual Property Strategies. Tool 3: benchmarking Indicators. 2016B.

WIPO. Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. 1979. Disponível em: https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/287556. Acesso em: 26 junho 2019.

WIPO. Patents. Ano 2018. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2018-chapter2.pdf. Acesso: 22 ago 2020.

WIPO. Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Working Group. Second Session.The future of the PCT. Geneva, May 4 to 8, 2009A. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/pct/en/pct.../pct_wg_2_3.doc. Acesso: 18 jun 2019.

WIPO. Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Working Group.Fifth Session. Geneva, May 29 toJune 1, 2012. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/pct/en/pct_wg_5/pct_wg_5_18.pdf. Acesso: 02 set 2019.

WIPO. Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Working Group. Seventh Session. Geneva, June 10 to 14, 2014. Formal Integration of the Patent Prosecution Highway into the PCT. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/pct/en/pct_wg_7/pct_wg_7_21.pdf. Acesso: 18 jun 2019.

WIPO. Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Working Group. Ninth Session, Geneva, May 17 to 20, 2016. Proposal on PCT Fee Policy to stimulate patent filing by universities and public funded research institutions from certain countries, notably developing and least developed countries.Document submmitted by Brazil. April 18, 2016A. Disponível emhttps://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/pct/en/pct_wg_9/pct_wg_9_25.pdf. Acesso: 11 mar 2020.

WIPO. PatentCooperationTreatyYearlyReview 2019A. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_901_2019.pdf. Acesso: 02 set 2019.

WIPO. Patent Cooperation Treaty. Done at Washington on June 19, 1970, amended on September 28, 1979, modified on February 3, 1984, and on October 3, 2001. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/pct/en/texts/articles/atoc.html. Acesso: 14 jun 2020.

WIPO. PCT- Patent Prosecution Highway Pilot (PCT-PPH and Global PPH). Status on 22 October 2020. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/pct/en/filing/pct_pph.html. Acesso em: 31 outubro 2020.

WIPO. Standing Committee on the Law of Patentes (SCP). Sem data. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/policy/en/scp/. Acesso em: 31 out 2020.

WIPO. Standing Committe on the Law of Patents. Thirteenth Session. Geneva, March 23 to 27, 2009B. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/scp/en/scp_13/scp_13_8.pdf. Acesso: 02 set 2019.

WIPO. Standing Committee on the Law of Patents. Twentieth Session. Geneva, January 27 to 31, 2014. Work-sharing programs among patente offices and use of external information for search and examination. SCP 20/8. December 4, 2013.

WIPO. Sharing Search and Examination Work Products. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/patents/en/topics/worksharing/sharing-work-products.html. Acesso: 14 jun 2020.

WIPO. The First Twenty-Five years of the Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 1970-1995. Geneva, 1995.

WIPO. The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in 1994. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/pct/en/activity/pct_1994.pdf. Acesso: 02 set 2019.

WIPO. Who filed the most PCT patent applications in 2019?. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ipstats/en/docs/infographic_pct_2019.pdf. Acesso em: 14 jun 2020.

WIPO. World IntellectualPropertyIndicators 2018. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4369. Acesso: 25 maio 2019

WIPO. World IntellectualPropertyReport 2019B. The Geography of Innovation: Local Hotspots, Global Networks.

WIPO. China Becomes Top Filer of International Patents in 2019 amid robust growth for WIPO`s IP Services, Treaties and Finances. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2020/article_0005.html. Acesso: 08 jan 2021.

WTO. Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Sem ano. https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_01_e.htm. Acesso: 10 ago 2020.

Published

2023-12-12

How to Cite

Souza, F. C. de, Alexandre Guimarães, & Boschetti Musskopf, D. (2023). The Trilateral and the upsurge of the Patent Prosecution Highway:: New model towards a world patent?. Monções: UFGD Journal of International Relations, 12(23), 232–264. https://doi.org/10.30612/rmufgd.v12i23.16351