Rev. Educação e Fronteiras, Dourados, v. 12, n. 00, e023007, 2022. e-ISSN:2237-258X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30612/eduf.v12i00.9701 13
Following this classification, we could say that in the current debate, around traditional
knowledge, the dominant (or acultural) perspective is confused with the cultural perspective
producing an even more harmful effect. The change, once seen as a loss of belief, of perennial
truths, of negative readings of reality towards the progress of reason (acultural perspective)
merges with the cultural perspective, taking the difference between cultures, in order to keep
unviolated, the traditional values, now positive, for the betterment of global society.
Mariza Peirano, in turn, recovers this discussion, assessing that evolutionary suggestion
implicit in the pair 'simple society versus complex society' has its roots in the theory of
modernization, developed from the 1950s onwards. "In this conception, to be modern means to
be complex, the complexity here referring mainly to the aspects of social organization"
(PEIRANO, 1992, p. 114, our translation). In turn, the elimination of traditional elements would
lead to complexity, however, for Peirano (1992, p. 115, our translation), "in this case, it is
necessary to know what is meant by 'tradition', or by 'traditional'. When these concepts are
indistinctly imposed on social groups that have gone through the most varied processes of
historical development, their fragility becomes apparent."
In order to answer the very question about what "tradition" is, Peirano endorses the
thesis of the ahistoricity of the term, based on Tambiah (1972, p. 55 apud PEIRANO, 1992, p.
115, our translation):
[...] The term is used, especially, in an "ahistorical" sense and denotes some
kind of collective heritage that was supposedly transmitted in an unmodified
form. Conceiving tradition in this way, two points are forgotten: one that the
past was, perhaps, as open and as dynamic to the actors of that time as our
epoch seems to ourselves; another, that the norms, rules, and orientations of
the past were not necessarily as consistent, unified, and coherent as we tend
to imagine.
The following is the author's conclusion:
In short, Tambiah shows that by settling on one of the poles of an analytical
dichotomy, one can easily imagine nonexistent degrees of coherence and
idealize degrees of social integration greater than those actually found in
societies at the opposite pole. Like the individual who idealizes the past as
always better than the present, the anthropologist would be likely to fall into
the same trap, idealizing "tradition", or even the "simple society" (PEIRANO,
1992, p. 115, our translation).
More flexible propositions suggest, specifically regarding Brazil in relation to the global
world, that one seek not modernity itself – that is, the social and cultural reality produced by
the awareness of the transience of the new and the current – as it was idealized, but by the