Rev. Educação e Fronteiras, Dourados, v. 12, n. esp. 2, e023026, 2023. e-ISSN:2237-258X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30612/eduf.v12iesp.2.17402 2
ABSTRACT: Law No. 12,711/2012 addresses the reservation of 50% of the spots in Brazilian
federal universities and institutes for students from public schools. Within this percentage, a
proportion is designated for black, brown, indigenous, and disabled students. This article aims
to analyze the effectiveness and distortions in implementing the Affirmative Action Law and
evaluate its effects on the social mobility of black students who graduated from UFGD (Federal
University of Grande Dourados). The research adopts an exploratory nature to achieve these
objectives and employs both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data was collected
through questionnaires applied to black affirmative action students from 2013 to 2021. To
analyze the distortions and legal effectiveness in implementing Law No. 12,711/2012, the
research adopts a documentary approach, examining selection process notices and terms of
adherence to the SISU (Unified Selection System) of ten Brazilian federal universities, two
from each geographical region. This analysis involved prescription, description, and analysis
studies guided by the Tridimensional Theory of Law (TTD) as the theoretical framework.
Regarding the legal effectiveness and distortions in the implementation and execution of Law
No. 12,711/2012, it was found that most notices do not comply with the legal determination of
distributing spots for courses, as they group the ethnic-racial segments of black, brown, and
indigenous without observing the minimum distribution and rounding rule of one place per
segment. Furthermore, creating an additional feature that includes black, brown, and indigenous
with disabilities uses a distribution formula that takes spots away from the ethnic-racial element
without disabilities. On the other hand, the study highlights the positive impact of access to
higher education on the trajectory of black students, leading to beneficial changes in
employment, income, and social integration after completing undergraduate courses. This study
revealed the distortions in the implementation of Law No. 12,711/2012 and its legal
effectiveness and efficiency, as well as discuss strategies to address the challenges of symbolic
and material retention of black affirmative action students in the university. Both studies
pointed out the importance of affirmative action policies in higher education and their positive
effects on graduate affirmative action students. However, it is necessary to recognize that racial
inequality persists and requires overcoming tensions through structural actions based on an anti-
racist culture.
KEYWORDS: Higher Education. Legal effectiveness. Affirmative actions. Law 1.711/2012.
Policy of quotas.
RESUMO: A Lei n.º 12.711/2012 aborda a reserva de 50% das vagas em universidades e
institutos federais do Brasil para estudantes provenientes de escolas públicas. Deste
percentual, uma proporção é destinada a estudantes pretos/as, pardos/as, indígenas/as e
pessoas com deficiência. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a eficácia e as distorções na
implementação da Lei de Cotas, bem como avaliar seus efeitos na mobilidade social de
estudantes negros/as que se formaram na UFGD. Para alcançar esses objetivos, a pesquisa é
de natureza exploratória e emprega abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas. Os dados foram
coletados por meio de questionários aplicados a estudantes negros/as cotistas, no período de
2013 a 2021. Para analisar as distorções e a eficácia legal na implementação da Lei n.º
12.711/2012, a pesquisa adota uma abordagem documental, examinando editais de processos
seletivos e termos de adesão ao Sistema SISU de 10 universidades federais brasileiras, duas de
cada região geográfica. Essa análise envolveu estudos de prescrição, descrição e análise,
tendo como referencial teórico a Teoria Tridimensional do Direito (TTD). No tocante à eficácia
legal e às distorções na implantação e execução da Lei n.º 12.711/2012, constatou-se que a
maioria dos editais não atende à determinação legal de distribuição de vagas para os cursos,
pois ao agrupar os segmentos étnico-raciais de preto, pardo e indígena, não foi observada a